![]() The main renal arteries are approximately 4 to 6 cm long with a 5 to 6 mm diameter. ![]() However, it should be noted that in approximately 30% of individuals, an accessory renal artery is present, and in 10 to 15 % on both sides. Typically, one renal artery and vein supply each kidney, with the arterial supply originating from the abdominal aorta, just below the level of the superior mesenteric artery, at the level of L1-L2. The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneum and receive approximately 20% of the cardiac output. In this article, we review the vascular anatomy, imaging indications, and technique, along with a short discussion about clinical significance and common pathologies. Nevertheless, due to its benefits, the American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria guidelines rate renal Doppler US as appropriate or even first-line imaging technique in various clinical scenarios, especially in patients with decreased renal function or renal transplants when contrast administration for computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examinations might be problematic. Furthermore, the interpretation of renal Doppler US examinations might be challenging for those with limited experience or those unfamiliar with fundamental concepts and nomenclature. However, the technique is highly operator-dependent and can be time-consuming. As with other US examinations, advantages include its noninvasive nature, relatively low-costs, and generally well-tolerated. If that's what you're looking for, Doppler is a great choice.Doppler ultrasound (US) is a well-established and useful technique for evaluating the renovascular system and associated pathologic conditions. You get what you would expect from any audio player, and that's all. Other than that, there aren't any interesting features worth mentioning. It looks almost exactly like Apple's music player, thankfully without the annoying subscription banner. The macOS app works well, but it's nothing too specialĪs far as the Mac app is concerned, it is functional and easy to use. With these features, you can get around one of the limitations of offline players - namely that you can't easily synchronize content across desktop and mobile devices. While synchronization isn't automatic, since Doppler is a local music player, you can transfer songs to your iPhone directly from the player or using the Doppler Transfer app. Unsurprisingly, an iOS app is also available. The latter feature was a bit hit-and-miss for me, as I couldn't find albums for quite a few of the imported albums. You can merge multiple albums into one, edit metadata, and search for album art if it is missing. There are ways to organize your music as well. They are organized by album and artist automatically, and you can create playlists and dynamically manage your listening queue. It supports all popular formats, so you can just load all your files and start playing. Just load your files and start listeningĭoppler is meant to simplify the way you handle your music offline. It's still rather basic, but it is sleek and easy to use, mirroring the design of Apple's music player. The iOS version has been out for a while, but the macOS app has only just been released. In that case, Apple Music isn't the best option, as it is specially designed for Apple's music streaming service.ĭoppler is a nice alternative for people who need a way to play local files. However, many still prefer to buy individual albums, for various reasons. With most people switching to music streaming, classic audio players are becoming a thing of the past.
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